भारतीय उद्योग और व्यापार पर ब्रिटिश शासन के प्रभावों का आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए।

Impact of British Colonial Rule on Indian Industry and Trade (De-Industrialization):

British colonial economic policies transformed India from the "Industrial Workshop of the World" into an agrarian appendage and raw material supplier for British industries:

• 1. Ruin of Traditional Handicrafts & Handlooms (De-Industrialization): Flooding of Indian markets with cheap Manchester machine-made cotton textiles decimated millions of traditional Indian weavers, spinners, and artisans ("The bones of the cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India" - Lord William Bentinck).
• 2. One-Way Tariff Discrimination: British imposed prohibitive duties (up to 70–80%) on Indian manufactured exports into Britain, while British manufactured goods entered India duty-free.
• 3. Commercialization of Agriculture: Forced cultivation of cash crops (Indigo, Opium, Jute, Raw Cotton) for British exports at the expense of food grains, triggering catastrophic famines.
• 4. Economic Drain of Wealth (Dadabhai Naoroji): Unilateral transfer of Indian revenues to Britain via Home Charges, military expenditure, and profit remittances without any economic return.