What are the main indicators of Human Development Index? Elaborate.

Main Indicators of the Human Development Index (HDI):

Developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Nobel laureate Amartya Sen under the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), HDI measures average achievement across three fundamental dimensions of human development:

• 1. Long and Healthy Life (Health Dimension):
  • Indicator: Life Expectancy at Birth (minimum 20 years to maximum 85 years).
• 2. Knowledge / Education Dimension: Measured through two indicators:
  • Mean Years of Schooling: Average years of schooling received by adults aged 25 years and older.
  • Expected Years of Schooling: Total years of schooling a school-entering child can expect to receive.
• 3. Decent Standard of Living (Economic Dimension):
  • Indicator: Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP $), converted on a logarithmic scale.

Calculation: HDI is the geometric mean of the normalized indices across these three dimensions ($HDI = (I_{Health} imes I_{Education} imes I_{Income})^{1/3}$).