Which of the following is not a source of Artificial Intelligence bias?

The correct answer is (D) Ability.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) bias occurs when an AI system produces discriminatory outputs that reflect and perpetuate systemic biases. The primary sources of AI bias include data (training data that is incomplete or unrepresentative), algorithms (flawed code or mathematical models that amplify bias), and people (human cognitive biases introduced by developers, data annotators, or stakeholders during design and deployment).
• Understanding AI bias is crucial in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-governance, as unbiased algorithmic decision-making ensures fairness, transparency, and accountability in administrative and public welfare systems.
• Option (A) Data, Option (B) Algorithms, and Option (C) People are the three universally recognized fundamental sources of AI bias. Ability, as an abstract human or system trait, is not classified as a foundational source of technical bias in machine learning frameworks.