Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

Correct Option: (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Let us evaluate the two given assumptions against Passage 2: Assumption 1 states that 'Governments often provide inefficient and costly subsidies for technologies that may not be ready in the near future.' The passage does not mention government subsidies being inefficient or costly; it only states that the government has initiated a push towards a gas-based economy and invested heavily in renewables, while businesses are wary. Hence, assumption 1 is not supported. Assumption 2 states that 'India's commitment of reducing emissions by 33% by 2030 shall be on the basis of gas-based economy.' The passage states that the government has initiated a strong push towards a gas-based economy and invested heavily in renewable energy as part of its targets, but it does not state that the 33% reduction shall be exclusively on the basis of a gas-based economy. Hence, assumption 2 is also invalid. Therefore, neither 1 nor 2 is valid. Option (d) is correct.