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Variability of Rainfall in Madhya Pradesh (वर्षा की परिवर्तनशीलता):

Madhya Pradesh receives an average annual precipitation of ~102 cm (delivered ~90% by the South-West Monsoon between June and September). The state exhibits pronounced spatial and temporal rainfall variability:

1. Spatial Distribution Gradient (East to West / North-West):
- High Rainfall Zone (Eastern MP - $>120 ext{ to }160 ext{ cm}$): Receives moisture from both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches (Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Anuppur). Pachmarhi receives the highest state rainfall (~199 cm / 212 cm).
- Moderate Rainfall Zone (Central & Malwa - $75 ext{ to }100 ext{ cm}$): Bhopal, Sagar, Indore, Ujjain.
- Low Rainfall Zone (North-West MP - $<75 ext{ cm}$): Gohad (Bhind district) receives the lowest rainfall in MP (~55 cm); Sheopur, Morena, Gwalior, Neemuch.
2. High Coefficient of Variability (Temporal Swings):
- Western and North-Western MP exhibit a high rainfall variability coefficient ($>30 ext{–}35%$), resulting in frequent agrarian droughts and flash flood episodes.
3. Winter Rainfall (Mawath - मावठ): North-western MP receives 5–10 cm winter precipitation from Western Disturbances, vital for the Rabi wheat and gram crops.

26:Tbb1,

मध्य प्रदेश में वर्षा की परिवर्तनशीलता (Variability of Rainfall):

मध्य प्रदेश की औसत वार्षिक वर्षा लगभग 102 सेमी है, जिसका 90% भाग दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून (जून से सितंबर) द्वारा प्राप्त होता है। वर्षा के वितरण में स्पष्ट क्षेत्रीय एवं कालिक विविधता पाई जाती है:

1. क्षेत्रीय (स्थानिक) वितरण प्रतिरूप (पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर घटती वर्षा):
- अति-वृष्टि क्षेत्र (पूर्वी मध्य प्रदेश - 120 से 160 सेमी): बंगाल की खाड़ी व अरब सागर दोनों शाखाओं से वर्षा; बालाघाट, मंडला, डिंडोरी। पचमढ़ी में प्रदेश की सर्वाधिक वर्षा (~199-212 सेमी) दर्ज होती है।
- मध्यम वर्षा क्षेत्र (मध्य भाग व मालवा - 75 से 100 सेमी): भोपाल, सीहोर, सागर, इंदौर, उज्जैन।
- अल्प वर्षा क्षेत्र (उत्तर-पश्चिमी भाग - <75 सेमी): भिंड जिले का गोहद प्रदेश में न्यूनतम वर्षा वाला स्थान (~55 सेमी) है; श्योपुर, मुरैना, ग्वालियर व नीमच।
2. वर्षा की उच्च परिवर्तनशीलता (Temporal Variability):
- पश्चिमी एवं उत्तर-पश्चिमी जिलों में वर्षा की परिवर्तनशीलता 30% से अधिक है, जिससे यहां सूखे (Drought) की बारंबारता बनी रहती है।
3. शीतकालीन वर्षा ('मावठ'): पश्चिमी विक्षोभों के प्रभाव से दिसंबर-जनवरी में होने वाली वर्षा (मावठ) रबी फसलों (गेहूं व चना) हेतु अमृत तुल्य सिद्ध होती है।

27:T595,

Agro-Climatic Sub-Regions of Madhya Pradesh (11 Zones):

Madhya Pradesh is scientifically demarcated into 11 Agro-Climatic Zones by the Planning Commission / ICAR:

1. Chhattisgarh Plains: Balaghat (Red-Yellow soil; Paddy).
2. Northern Hilly Region of CG: Mandla, Dindori, Shahdol, Anuppur, Umaria (Paddy, Kodo-Kutki, Niger).
3. Kaimur Plateau & Satpura Hills: Rewa, Satna, Panna, Jabalpur, Seoni, Katni (Wheat, Rice, Gram).
4. Central Narmada Valley: Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Sehore (Wheat, Sugarcane, Soybean).
5. Vindhyan Plateau: Bhopal, Sagar, Damoh, Vidisha (Sharbati Wheat, Gram, Soybean).
6. Gird (Northern) Region: Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Sheopur (Alluvial; Mustard, Wheat).
7. Bundelkhand Region: Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Niwari, Datia (Mixed soil; Gram, Sesame, Mustard).
8. Satpura Plateau: Betul, Chhindwara (Maize, Wheat, Orange).
9. Malwa Plateau: Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar, Ratlam, Mandsaur (Black soil; Soybean, Wheat, Garlic).
10. Nimar Valley: Khargone, Khandwa, Barwani, Burhanpur (Cotton, Chilli, Banana).
11. Jhabua Hills: Jhabua, Alirajpur (Maize, Pulses, Cotton).

28:Tb91,

मध्य प्रदेश के 11 कृषि-जलवायु उप-प्रदेश (Agro-Climatic Zones):

मध्य प्रदेश को मृदा, वर्षा और फसल प्रतिरूप के आधार पर 11 कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्रों में वर्गीकृत किया गया है:

1. छत्तीसगढ़ का मैदान: बालाघाट (लाल-पीली मिट्टी; धान)।
2. छत्तीसगढ़ का उत्तरी पहाड़ी क्षेत्र: मंडला, डिंडोरी, शहडोल, अनूपपुर, उमरिया (धान, कोदो-कुटकी, रामतिल)।
3. कैमूर पठार एवं सतपुड़ा पहाड़ी क्षेत्र: रीवा, सतना, पन्ना, जबलपुर, सिवनी, कटनी (गेहूं, धान, चना)।
4. मध्य नर्मदा घाटी: नरसिंहपुर, नर्मदापुरम, रायसेन, सीहोर (गहरी काली मिट्टी; गेहूं, गन्ना, चना)।
5. विंध्य पठार क्षेत्र: भोपाल, सागर, दमोह, विदिशा (शरबती गेहूं, चना, सोयाबीन)।
6. गिर्द (उत्तरी) क्षेत्र: ग्वालियर, भिंड, मुरैना, श्योपुर (जलोढ़ मिट्टी; सरसों, गेहूं, बाजरा)।
7. बुंदेलखंड क्षेत्र: टीकमगढ़, छतरपुर, निवाड़ी, दतिया (मिश्रित मिट्टी; चना, तिल, गेहूं)।
8. सतपुड़ा पठार: बैतूल, छिंदवाड़ा (मक्का, सोयाबीन, संतरा)।
9. मालवा का पठार: इंदौर, उज्जैन, देवास, धार, रतलाम, मंदसौर (काली मिट्टी; सोयाबीन, गेहूं, लहसुन)।
10. निमार का मैदान: खरगोन, खंडवा, बड़वानी, बुरहानपुर (कपास, मिर्च, केला)।
11. झाबुआ की पहाड़ियां: झाबुआ, अलीराजपुर (मक्का, कपास, दलहन)।

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