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How Westernization Promoted Secularization in India (M.N. Srinivas's Framework):

Sociologist M.N. Srinivas defined Westernization as the changes brought about in Indian society through British rule (technology, institutions, ideology) and Secularization as the process whereby religious consciousness, practices, and institutions lose their pervasive social significance in worldly affairs.

Mechanisms of Transmission:

1. Rationalism & Scientific Worldview: Western modern education promoted empiricism, humanism, and scientific inquiry, weakening fatalistic beliefs, caste taboos, and superstitious rituals.
2. Uniform Legal System & Equality Before Law: Introduction of Indian Penal Code (1860) and secular civil courts replaced caste-based customary laws with universal legal equality.
3. Industrialization & Urbanization: Factory workplace routines and public transport (railways) forced occupational and physical inter-caste mixing, secularizing social relations.
4. Constitutional Secularism: Western democratic ideals shaped Independent India's constitutional framework — prohibiting discrimination (Arts. 15, 16) and separating state authority from religious dominance (Arts. 25–28).

2a:Tb5c,

पश्चिमीकरण ने भारत में धर्मनिरपेक्षीकरण को कैसे बढ़ावा दिया (एम.एन. श्रीनिवास की अवधारणा):

प्रख्यात समाजशास्त्री एम.एन. श्रीनिवास के अनुसार, पश्चिमीकरण (Westernization) से तात्पर्य 150 वर्षों के ब्रिटिश शासन द्वारा भारतीय समाज में आए संस्थागत व वैचारिक परिवर्तनों से है, जिसने धर्मनिरपेक्षीकरण (Secularization) की प्रक्रिया को तीव्र किया:

प्रमुख प्रभाव एवं माध्यम:

1. तार्किकता एवं वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण का प्रसार: आधुनिक पश्चिमी शिक्षा ने बुद्धिवाद, मानववाद एवं वैज्ञानिक सोच को बढ़ावा दिया, जिससे अंधविश्वास, छुआछूत व रूढ़िवादी अनुष्ठानों का प्रभाव घटा।
2. समतामूलक विधिक व्यवस्था: भारतीय दंड संहिता (IPC 1860) तथा सिविल अदालतों की स्थापना ने जाति-आधारित विभेदकारी न्याय के स्थान पर 'विधि के समक्ष समानता' स्थापित की।
3. औद्योगिकीकरण एवं नगरीकरण: कारखानों, सार्वजनिक परिवहन (रेलवे) एवं कार्यस्थलों ने सभी जातियों व धर्मों के सह-अस्तित्व को अनिवार्य बनाकर दैनिक जीवन को धर्मनिरपेक्ष बनाया।
4. धर्मनिरपेक्ष संवैधानिक मूल्य: स्वतंत्रता, समानता एवं बंधुत्व जैसे पश्चिमी लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों ने भारतीय संविधान के धर्मनिरपेक्ष स्वरूप (अनुच्छेद 15, 25-28) की नींव रखी।

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