23:I[180739,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"RecordSubunitVisit"] 24:I[91280,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"Breadcrumb"] 25:I[225755,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"BilingualHeading"] 26:I[162814,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"SubunitHeaderProgress"] 27:I[924417,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"LocalizedLink"] 28:I[964173,["/_next/static/chunks/2bto6xm70v-_d.js","/_next/static/chunks/0-y152bbgegj0.js","/_next/static/chunks/0i3s3wlos2q-r.js","/_next/static/chunks/1v70_qkf7g8i7.js","/_next/static/chunks/3isaonvvu3mkn.js","/_next/static/chunks/3k0cveso-d5_h.js","/_next/static/chunks/0jlp_hwi3gw9a.js","/_next/static/chunks/0oidauinmfbke.js"],"QuestionFeed"] 29:T838,

Comprehensive Technical Short Notes:

(i) Nuclear Energy and India:
- Anchored by Dr. Homi J. Bhabha's Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme:
  1. Stage-I: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) utilizing natural uranium.
  2. Stage-II: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) fueled by Plutonium-239 (Kalpakkam PFBR).
  3. Stage-III: Advanced Thorium-232 based Thermal Breeder Reactors (monetizing India's vast monazite thorium reserves).
- Current installed baseload capacity stands at 7.48 GWe (Kudankulam, Kakrapar-3 indigenous 700 MWe PHWR, Tarapur, Rawatbhata). Proposed plant in MP: Chutka (Mandla - 1,400 MW).
(ii) E-Waste Management:
- End-of-life discarded electronic computing and telecommunication hardware containing toxic hazardous elements (Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Brominated flame retardants).
- Regulated via the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, mandating statutory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) recycling quotas on brand manufacturers.
- India's First E-Waste Clinic: Commissioned in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
(iii) "Namami Gange" Integrated Conservation Mission (2014):
- Launched in June 2014 as an umbrella flagship initiative (outlay ₹20,000 Crore) administered by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) to secure the 'Aviral' (uninterrupted flow) and 'Nirmal' (unpolluted water) ecology of the National River Ganga.
- Core Pillars: Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), industrial effluent abatement, River-front development, afforestation, and protection of aquatic biodiversity (Ganges River Dolphin). Recognized by the UN as a World Restoration Flagship.

2a:T1108,

संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ:

(i) नाभिकीय ऊर्जा एवं भारत (Nuclear Energy and India):
- भारत का त्रि-स्तरीय परमाणु ऊर्जा कार्यक्रम (डॉ. होमी जहांगीर भाभा):
  1. प्रथम चरण: दाबित भारी जल रिएक्टर (PHWR - प्राकृतिक यूरेनियम ईंधन)।
  2. द्वितीय चरण: फास्ट ब्रीडर रिएक्टर (FBR - प्लूटोनियम-239 ईंधन; उदा. कलपक्कम PFBR)।
  3. तृतीय चरण: थोरियम-आधारित उन्नत भारी जल रिएक्टर (AHWR - भारत में विश्व के 25% थोरियम भंडार मौजूद हैं)।
- वर्तमान स्थापित क्षमता ~7,480 MW (22+ सक्रिय रिएक्टर; प्रमुख: कुडनकुलम, काकरापार-3 स्वदेशी 700 MW PHWR, तारापुर, रावतभाटा)। मध्य प्रदेश में चुटका (मंडला - 1400 MW) प्रस्तावित है।
(ii) ई-अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन (E-Waste Management):
- खराब या अप्रचलित इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों (कंप्यूटर, मोबाइल, टीवी, PCB) से उत्पन्न होने वाला कचरा, जिसमें सीसा, पारा, कैडमियम जैसी घातक भारी धातुएं होती हैं।
- ई-अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम, 2022: विस्तारित उत्पादक उत्तरदायित्व (EPR) को अनिवार्य बनाया गया, जिसके तहत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स निर्माताओं को निश्चित प्रतिशत ई-कचरे का पुनर्चक्रण करना कानूनी रूप से अनिवार्य है।
- भारत का पहला ई-कचरा क्लिनिक: मध्य प्रदेश के भोपाल में स्थापित।
(iii) "नमामि गंगे" - एकीकृत गंगा संरक्षण मिशन (Namami Gange Mission - 2014):
- जून 2014 में ₹20,000 करोड़ के बजट के साथ प्रारंभ राष्ट्रीय मिशन, जिसका उद्देश्य पवित्र गंगा नदी और उसकी सहायक नदियों का प्रदूषण निवारण, संरक्षण एवं कायाकल्प (Aviral & Nirmal Dhara) करना है।
- प्रमुख स्तंभ: 1. सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर (STP); 2. रिवर-फ्रंट विकास व घाट आधुनिकीकरण; 3. नदी सतह सफाई; 4. जैव विविधता संरक्षण (गंगा डॉल्फिन, घड़ियाल); 5. वनीकरण; 6. ग्रामीण स्वच्छता (गंगा ग्राम)।
- संयुक्त राष्ट्र (UN) द्वारा इसे विश्व के 10 शीर्ष प्राकृतिक पुनरुद्धार कार्यक्रमों में मान्यता दी गई है।

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